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As of December 2023, 5,249 of those who were registered with the US government's World Trade Center Health Programme have died as a result of aerodigestive illness or cancer - a far higher figure than the 2,296 people who were killed in the attack itself.

But, during the next several years, doctors noticed higher diagnosis rates of aerodigestive disorders related to the inhalation of particles released by the blast, including gastroesophageal reflux disorder and chronic rhinosinusitis, among survivors and first responders—the second wave.