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“These people were accountable to no one,” Ms. Barbut said in an interview.

In 2011, Monique Barbut, the fund’s top executive at the time, became convinced that U.N.D.P. was too focused on raising money, with too little to show for it.

But its production also occurred “millions of miles away,” in the nerve cells of the colon, says co-author Denise Barbut, a neurologist and co-founder of Enterin, a biotechnology company developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s.

Barbut suspects αS’s immune triggering isn’t confined to the abdomen.

Barbut, as I reported, reinforced her point by showing me three maps of Africa with dots concentrated in the middle of the continent.