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These regions were often skeptical of centralized power, and reformers pushed for tools like the initiative and referendum to give citizens a way to bypass political machines and corporate influence.

When Scan noticed a drop in patient ratings for some of the medical providers in its insurance network, it learned those providers had switched to using centralized call centers.

It doesn’t much matter which enemy is selected — Mexico, Venezuela, Iran, perhaps even Canada or Greenland — war centralizes control and seizes priority over the national budget, communications and infrastructure.

“Ensuring that we fully fund these systems is critical. ... There’s dozens of these systems, and yet there’s no real kind of centralized rules that are modern.”

There were similarities and differences between left- and right-wing fears of centralized power.