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"They usually attack with drones and heavy artillery on this side. When it rains, they advance by taking advantage of the weather."

The humanitarian catastrophe worsened late last year when Zamzam came under heavy artillery fire, which aid organisations, including Doctors Without Borders, blamed on the RSF.

Throughout this time the volcanic isle’s sprawling shoreline and rolling hills have served as a crucial military training ground where U.S. troops detonate grenades and fire heavy artillery.

An Associated Press reporter in the city heard heavy artillery and gunfire throughout the night into Friday.

At Dien Bien Phu, Vietnamese troops led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, surprised French forces with heavy artillery fire at their mountainous garrison in northwestern Vietnam.