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Around the time he became rector, Germany began converting from its own idio­syncratic, drawn-out diploma system to the European standard of bachelor’s and master’s degrees, which process students more efficiently, in three to five years.

Lungs affected by idio­pathic pulmonary fibrosis become scarred, losing function.

Other researchers are trying to unlock the often idio­syncratic information in electronic medical records so that computer algorithms can comb them and classify common phenotypes automatically.

“My brands are an extension of me,” Carter told online music magazine idio in 2009 of his business ventures, which include clothing line Rocawear and upscale sports bar The 40/40 Club.

“If it was surrounded by shrapnel, it would have the power of an improvised explosive device,” said Senior Superintendent Ranier Q. Idio, a police official in the Manila suburb of Quezon City.