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Even so, there are still fertilizers and amendments on the market that include “micro-nutrients” such as zinc, manganese and copper that over time can accumulate in the soil, Wallace said.

Heal the Bay found concentrations of aluminum, iron, selenium and manganese that were higher than drinking water standards, sometimes by 10 times as much.

Minerals found on the deep seabed including manganese, nickel, cobalt, gold and silver are all considered important materials for the green energy transition.

In 2022, SecDev, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Canada, conducted an evaluation, which established that Russia had occupied 63% of Ukrainian coal mines, and half of its manganese, caesium, tantalum and rare earth deposits.

South Africa exports a variety of minerals to the US, including platinum, iron and manganese.