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"Vaccines are urgently needed to prevent the 3.3 million cases of paratyphoid fever that mostly affects school-age children in South and South East Asia," he added.

Its cultural and agglutination reactions are almost, if not quite, identical with those of the bacilli found in human cases of paratyphoid fever which have no known connection with food poisoning.

The third group, including typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, cholera, and dysentery, all of which are intestinal diseases, is largely conveyed from the sick to the well indirectly through contaminated water and food.