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Because he faced several major restraints, Nixon moved slowly in taking retaliatory actions.

In the days since, tensions between India and Pakistan, which both claim Kashmir in full but administer it only in part, have significantly risen, with each side announcing retaliatory measures against the other.

The US's huge tariffs on Chinese goods, and China's retaliatory 125% on US imports, may create opportunities for South American exporters.

He said retaliatory tariffs are hitting agriculture, heavy duty manufacturing and the information technology and services sectors.

For starters, Delhi has swiftly taken a series of retaliatory steps: closing the main border crossing, suspending a critical water-sharing treaty, and expelling diplomats.