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Certainly, some effort must be made to point out falsehoods and inconsistencies, but the same psychological evidence that shows how falsehood and inconsistency gain traction also tells us that retractions and refutations are seldom effective.

His suspicion sparked a two-decade quest to obtain a review or retraction from the authors of the NIH study, whose work had received $35 million of federal funding.

The libel lawsuit was settled within weeks, CNN reported, with the website issuing a retraction and acknowledging that Kardashian had in fact been robbed at gunpoint.

Recent outbursts have even landed him in legal bother and subsequent retractions.

After the retraction she was tried and convicted of causing public mischief and given a suspended four-month sentence.