At Dictionary.com, we know well that learning new words is about so much more than just definitions. Learning new words is about discovering new ideas and feelings, about unlocking experiences and opportunities. It鈥檚 about empowering our communication, enriching our relationships, and inspiring our creativity and self-expression.
Composer and Princeton University professor Steven Mackey knows this well, too. And if you give Mackey a word? He will give you a piece of music.
Based on a ritual of reading Dictionary.com鈥檚 51吃瓜 of the Day with his daughter, Mackey created Shivaree: Fantasy for Trumpet and Orchestra, a piece of classical music that has its world premiere today, October 21, 2021, . Shivaree is a composition for solo trumpet and orchestra made up of 12 movements, each of which was written as a musical interpretation of different words discovered through our very own 51吃瓜 of the Day. (The words also serve as the title of each movement.)
In our Q&A with Mackey below, learn all about Shivaree and听the art of interpreting words musically. Discover which 51吃瓜s of the Day inspired Mackey and why he interpreted them the way he did. Then listen to what they sound like in passages from Shivaree!
A Q&A with Dictionary.com and composer Steven Mackey
Dictionary.com: Talk to us about Shivaree both as a piece of music and a creative process. How did it come about? Take us into the mind of a composer鈥攈ow does a word result in music? How do you musically interpret a word?
Steven Mackey: I subscribe to the Dictionary.com鈥檚 51吃瓜 of the Day and was struck by the word shivaree when it came up a few years ago. I took notice because it evoked a glorious cacophony. I had not officially started composing the Trumpet Fantasy for Tom Hooten [Principal Trumpet of the Los Angeles Philharmonic] and the LA Phil, but the music evoked by the word shivaree seemed like a playful and appealing contrast to the more heroic proclamations that the trumpet is associated with. I didn鈥檛 know how any of that would relate to the finished product鈥擨 merely took note, which eventually led me to add more 51吃瓜s of the Day, particularly words that made me smile at the thought that someone somewhere felt that it wasn鈥檛 good enough to describe the thing 鈥� it needed its own word.
I would read the 51吃瓜 of the Day to my kids every morning and after a while my 10-year-old daughter鈥攃atching on to the notion that words might suggest music鈥攚ould randomly come into my study and say, 鈥淕ive me a word,鈥� and would improvise on that word at the piano. She inspired me to do the same with my list. Some words like shivaree are intrinsically musical, and responding to them was simply the act of trying to capture the music suggested by the word, but others like exonumia required more free association.
Always looking for unusual formal ideas for my music and particularly partial to the idea of miniatures, I made the decision to pick a bunch of words and write short musical responses to them. With more short responses than I needed, I started to explore putting them in different orders to explore the possibilities of continuity.
Dictionary.com: Now, the dictionary is going to put you in the hot seat. Shivaree is considered a fantasy. 鈥淒efine鈥� that for us in terms of musical compositions.
Mackey: I think of a fantasy as a piece that follows its own path rather than aspires to some existing paradigm of form. It is not A-B-A, a song form, a sonata, a dance form, etc. A fantasy is allowed to spontaneously shift direction without any preconceived notion of structure.
Dictionary.com: Discuss Shivaree as a whole. What were you hoping to achieve in this piece of music? Is there an overarching theme to the words you selected?
Mackey: There is no overarching theme to the words I selected. However, the musical responses to those words do combine and connect to make longer arcs and musical narratives. One narrative is the evolution of the trumpet from a rowdy noise maker in 鈥淪hivaree鈥� through a growling underground spirit, and eventually onto the heroic trumpet we know and love, and continuing past that to explore the trumpet鈥檚 vulnerable vocal qualities in 鈥淎popemptic.鈥�
Dictionary.com: Of all the words in your piece, do you have a favorite鈥攐ne that most stands out and resonates with you? Is your favorite word also your favorite movement, musically speaking?
Mackey: That is a tough question. Each of the words has had a turn at being my favorite while I was working with it. At this moment I am particularly partial to apopemptic鈥斺�漰ertaining to leave-taking.鈥� I鈥檓 happy there is a word that acknowledges the nuance of departing. I actually sketched the music for this movement, thinking of my friend, the great composer Louis Andriessen, who passed away recently, before learning the word. The music has a gentle touch of farewell鈥攊t is tinged with melancholy, but not fraught. Then rather late in the process of composing this past August, apopemptic showed up as a 51吃瓜 of the Day. Without that word, what would I say? I guess part of the reason that is my favorite word is because I really needed it!
Dictionary.com: Let鈥檚 flip the creative process. The second half of the program in which your piece is premiering is Gustav Mahler鈥檚 Symphony No. 4. What word would you use to describe it?
Mackey: Transcendent.
Dictionary.com: Can you speak to us more broadly about the power of Dictionary.com鈥檚 51吃瓜 of the Day and the role of learning new words in your life?
Mackey: Knowing that someone somewhere has experienced a particular feeling, a state of being, gesture, object, etc., that I have experienced and wanted to label it with more precision, specificity, and nuance, gives rise to a sense of connectedness鈥攖hat awareness that the experience of others is similar to mine, and I am not alone.
Not to mention it is a fun way to start the day with my kids.
Dictionary.com: And what would you say to the aspiring musicians, composers, and other artists out there about the power of words and language?
Mackey: 鈥淚n the beginning there was the word.鈥� 51吃瓜s don鈥檛 just describe our world; they invent the world. 51吃瓜s make the experience of the world available to us. Our reality is constructed by what we can identify and label.
Dictionary.com: Finally, we have a tradition for team members at Dictionary.com where we ask them to describe themselves in three words. What are yours?
Steven Mackey: Quirky, athletic, optimistic.
The 51吃瓜s & Movements of Shivaree
shivaree
[ shiv-uh-ree ]noun
a mock serenade with kettles, pans, horns, and other noisemakers given for a newly married couple; charvari.
How Steven Mackey interpreted shivaree:听
鈥�Shivaree describes a musical activity, so the task was simply to make my version of that music.鈥�
Where does shivaree come from?
Shivaree, 鈥渁 mock serenade with noisemakers鈥� is of obscure origin, though there is a general prevailing theory. Shivaree is likely a corruption of the French term charivari. Charivari is also of obscure origin but may derive, via Late Latin 肠补谤墨产补谤颈补, 鈥渉eadache,鈥� from Ancient Greek 办补谤脓产补谤铆补, equivalent to 办谩谤腻 or 办谩谤脓, 鈥渉ead,鈥� 产补谤媒蝉 鈥渉eavy,鈥� and the abstract noun suffix -铆补. The logic is that a noisy, boisterous celebration would cause quite the headache! An alternative theory is that shivaree, again like shivoo, derives instead from the French phrase chez vous 鈥渁t your home.鈥�
Shivaree was first recorded in English in the early 1800s. For more about shivaree, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
chthonian
[ thoh-nee-uhn ]adjective
relating to deities, spirits and other beings dwelling under the earth.
How Steven Mackey interpreted chthonian:听
“I was surprised that underground spirits were on people鈥檚 minds enough to invent a word, but there it is. It evoked musical images of turbulence and magma embedded with mournful cries.”
Where does chthonian come from?
Chthonian ultimately derives from the Greek adjective 肠丑迟丑贸苍颈辞蝉, 鈥渙f the earth, the underground, the underworld.鈥� 颁丑迟丑贸苍颈辞蝉 is a derivative of the noun 肠丑迟丑峁搉, deriving from a very, very old Proto-Indo-European word meaning “earth” and surviving in most of the 鈥渄aughter鈥� languages.
One form of this ancient root yields Latin humus (from homos), 鈥渆arth,鈥� the adjective humilis, 鈥渓ow to the ground鈥� (English humble), and the noun 丑耻尘颈濒颈迟腻蝉, (stem 丑耻尘颈濒颈迟腻迟-) 鈥渓owness of height or position, low condition (English humility).
Another form of the root, 诲丑驳丑(别)尘艒苍, 鈥渙ne who is on the earth, human being,鈥� becomes 丑辞尘艒 (stem homin-) in Latin, as in Homo sapiens. Latin also derives, somewhat obscurely, the adjective 丑耻尘腻苍耻蝉 鈥渙f man, human, humane, gentle,鈥� source of such English words as human and humane. (Hebrew follows a similar semantic development with 腻诲丑腻尘 鈥渕an, mankind, human being, Adam鈥� and 膬诲丑腻尘腻丑 鈥渆arth, soil, ground.鈥�)
In the Germanic languages, the Proto-Indo-European roots yields guma, 鈥渉uman being, man鈥� in Gothic and Old English. Old English has the noun 产谤瘸诲驳耻尘补, 鈥測oung man about to be married or recently married; bridegroom, husband,鈥� which becomes 产谤墨诲驳辞尘别 in Middle English, and bridegroom in English. The -groom in bridegroom arose in the 16th century due to the influence of groom 鈥渂oy, young man.鈥�
Chthonian entered English in the mid-19th century. For more about chthonian, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
erumpent
[ ih-ruhm-puhnt ]adjective
bursting forth.
How Steven Mackey interpreted erumpent:听
鈥淭his was another easy one. I鈥檓 always looking for an excuse to have music burst forth.鈥�
Where does erumpent come from?
The rare adjective erumpent, used almost exclusively in biology, comes straight from Latin 脓谤耻尘辫脓苍蝉, the present participle of 脓谤耻尘辫别谤别, 鈥渢o burst forth.鈥� The compound verb 脓谤耻尘辫别谤别 is composed of the prefix 脓- (a variant of ex- 鈥渙ut, out of鈥�) and the simple verb rumpere, 鈥渢o break,鈥� whose past participle ruptus forms the much more common derivative erupt.
Erumpent entered English in the mid-17th century. For more about erumpent, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
tintinnabulation
[ tin-ti-nab-yuh–ley-shuhn ]noun
the ringing or sound of bells.
How Steven Mackey interpreted tintinnabulation:
“Since the definition鈥斺�渢he ringing of bells鈥濃�攈as fewer syllables than the word, it wasn鈥檛 invented as a shorthand. So why was it invented? Anyway, it is intrinsically sonic and therefore musically suggestive.”
Where does tintinnabulation come from?
Tintinnabulation is a fittingly tuneful term meaning 鈥渢he ringing or sound of bells.鈥� This noun was notably sounded by Edgar Allan Poe in his 1849 poem 鈥淭he Bells鈥�: 鈥淜eeping time 鈥� / To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells / From the bells, bells, bells, bells 鈥︹��
English tintinnabulation is formed on Latin 迟颈苍迟颈苍苍腻产耻濒耻尘 鈥渂别濒濒.鈥� 罢颈苍迟颈苍苍腻产耻濒耻尘 is composed of -bulum, a suffix that indicates agency, and 迟颈苍迟颈苍苍腻谤别 鈥渢o ring,鈥� a verb that apparently imitates the sound of jingling bells.
And, if you can鈥檛 get rid of that ringing in your ears? You may have what medicine calls tinnitus 鈥渁 ringing or similar sensation of sound in the ears.鈥� Tinnitus is ultimately from a Latin verb related to 迟颈苍迟颈苍苍腻谤别: 迟颈苍苍墨谤别 鈥渢o ring, tinkle.鈥�
Tintinnabulation entered English in the early 1800s. For more about tintinnabulation, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
exonumia听
[ ek-suh–noo-mee-uh, –nyoo– ]noun
items, as tokens or medals, that resemble money but are not intended to circulate as money.
How Steven Mackey interpreted exonumia:听
“This is perhaps the least intrinsically musical word and the strangest sounding word, and it gave rise to the strangest music. It鈥檚 hard to say exactly what the relationship is between the word and its music beyond that strangeness. Perhaps the short quirky phrases represent tokens and there is a fair amount of clinking, like a jar full of change.”
Where does exonumia come from?
Exonumia, a relatively new noun meaning 鈥渋tems such as subway tokens or bus tokens that resemble money but do not circulate as money,鈥� is formed from the originally Greek adverb and combining form 茅虫艒, 鈥渙ut, outside, without鈥� and the first syllable of numismatics, 鈥渢he study or collecting of coins, medals, or paper money.鈥�
Numismatics, in turn, is a derivative of the Late Latin noun numisma (stem numismat-) from Latin nomisma 鈥渃oin, medal, token,鈥� from Greek 苍贸尘颈蝉尘补 鈥渆stablished usage, custom, current coin.鈥� The final element -ia is the noun suffix (-ia in Latin, -铆补 in Greek), familiar in learned English words like agoraphobia and anesthesia.
Exonumia entered English in the early 1960s. For more about exonumia, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
requiescat
[ rek-wee-es-kaht, -kat ]noun
a wish or prayer for the repose of the dead.
How Steven Mackey interpreted requiescat:听
“Several of these words have a humorous aspect. Requiescat was treated with solemnity and earnestness. The trumpet begins with a grieving moan which evolves into full-throated singing鈥攔ising, uplifting.”
Where does requiescat come from?
Requiescat, as many high school Latin students will be eager to tell you, is the third person singular present subjunctive active of the Latin verb 谤别辩耻颈脓蝉肠别谤别, 鈥渢o rest, be at rest, rest in death鈥� and means 鈥淢ay he/she/it rest.鈥�
Requiescat usually appears in the phrase Requiescat In Pace (abbreviated R.I.P.) “May he/she/it rest in peace,鈥� seen on tombstones.
Requiescat entered English in the second half of the 1700s. For more about requiescat, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
deipnosophist
[ dahyp-nos–uh-fist ]noun
a person who is an adept conversationalist at table.
How Steven Mackey interpreted deipnosophist:听
“I couldn鈥檛 resist a playful rendering of a typical conversation which I once heard described as ‘one person talking while the other person ignores what is being said and instead says what they are going to say.'”
Where does deipnosophist come from?
No dinner party is complete without a deipnosophist, 鈥渁 person who is an adept conversationalist at a meal.鈥� This is the type of person who, at least as dictionary editors hope, regales fellow feasters with the origin of such an intriguing word as deipnosophist.
Deipnosophist is based on 顿别颈辫苍辞蝉辞辫丑颈蝉迟补铆, the title of a literary work by Athenaeus, a Greek philosopher and rhetorician writing in Naucratis, Egypt, in the late 200s CE. 顿别颈辫苍辞蝉辞辫丑颈蝉迟补铆 is the plural of 诲别颈辫苍辞蝉辞辫丑颈蝉迟岣梥, literally 鈥渁n expert in the affairs of the kitchen,鈥� and the work features a banquet where learned men discuss food and a wide range of other topics. 顿别颈辫苍辞蝉辞辫丑颈蝉迟岣梥 is formed on Greek 诲别卯辫苍辞苍 鈥渕eal, dinner鈥� and 蝉辞辫丑颈蝉迟岣梥 鈥渆xpert, wise person.鈥� 厂辞辫丑颈蝉迟岣梥 is the source of English sophist, which historically refers to a type of professional teacher in ancient Greece and later, a person who argues cleverly but speciously. 厂辞辫丑颈蝉迟岣梥 is related to Greek 蝉辞辫丑铆补 鈥渟kill, wisdom,鈥� source of the -sophy in philosophy.
Deipnosophist is recorded in English by the 1600s. For more about deipnosophist, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
omphaloskepsis
[ om-fuh-loh-skep-sis ]noun
the contemplation of one鈥檚 navel as part of a mystical exercise.
How Steven Mackey interpreted omphaloskepsis:听
In this movement the trumpet contemplates middle C and only middle C, while the orchestra shifts and turns around it.
Where does omphaloskepsis come from?
Let鈥檚 allow ourselves some etymological navel-gazing, shall we? Omphaloskepsis, a noun meaning 鈥渃ontemplating one鈥檚 navel鈥� and implying contempt, first occurs in Aldous Huxley鈥檚 satirical novel Those Barren Leaves (1925). The equally dismissive adjective omphaloskeptical is first recorded in 1978.
Omphaloskepsis breaks down to two Greek words: 辞尘辫丑补濒贸蝉, meaning 鈥渘avel, bellybutton, a boss on a shield,鈥� and the Greek noun and combining form 蝉办茅辫蝉颈蝉, -skepsis 鈥渧iewing, perception, examination, speculation.鈥�
The Greek 辞尘辫丑补濒贸蝉 derives from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 鈥渂ellybutton, boss of a shield, hub of a wheel.鈥� This ancient root also ultimately yields such English words umbilical (via 耻尘产颈濒墨肠耻蝉 “bellybutton” and 耻尘产艒 鈥渢he boss of a shield鈥�) and navel (from Old English nafela, meaning 鈥渂ellybutton鈥�).
The Greek 蝉办茅辫蝉颈蝉 and -skepsis derive from the verb 蝉办茅辫迟别蝉迟丑补颈 鈥渢o look around, look back, consider, survey, spy on,鈥� which is the ultimate source of the English word skeptical.
For more about omphaloskepsis, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
horripilation
[ haw-rip-uh–ley-shuhn, ho- ]noun
a bristling of the hair on the skin from cold, fear, etc.; goose bumps.
How Steven Mackey interpreted horripilation:听
“There is a technique on the trumpet called ‘tongue stop’ or ‘tongue slap’ which would be an apt soundtrack to a cartoon depicting goosebumps popping up.”
Where does horripilation come from?
Horripilation is a fancy word for goose bumps. Horripilation ultimately comes from the Late Latin noun 丑辞谤谤颈辫颈濒腻迟颈艒, a derivative of the verb 丑辞谤谤颈辫颈濒腻谤别, 鈥渢o become bristly or hairy.鈥� 贬辞谤谤颈辫颈濒腻迟颈艒 first appears in the Vulgate, the Latin version of the Bible, prepared chiefly by Saint Jerome at the end of the 4th century CE.
Horripilation entered English in the mid-17th century. For more about horripilation, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
deliquesce
[ del-i-kwes ]verb
to melt away.
How Steven Mackey interpreted deliquesce:听
鈥淚 love the musical gesture of melting away. This was an excuse to start with something big and broad so the melting away had farther to go.鈥�
Where does deliquesce come from?
Deliquesce, 鈥渢o melt away; become liquid,鈥� comes straight from Latin 诲脓濒颈辩耻脓蝉肠别谤别, 鈥渢o become liquid, dissipate one鈥檚 energy,鈥� a compound of the preposition and prefix 诲脓, d脓-, here indicating removal, and the verb 濒颈辩耻脓蝉肠别谤别 鈥渢o melt, decompose, putrefy.鈥�
尝颈辩耻脓蝉肠别谤别 is what鈥檚 known as an inchoative verb (also called an inceptive verb), meaning that the verb indicates the beginning, the inception of an action. In Latin (and in Greek) the suffix -sc- (Latin) and -sk- (Greek) changes a verb of state, such as 濒颈辩耻脓谤别 鈥渢o be liquid, be clear,鈥� to an inceptive verb. Derivatives of 濒颈辩耻脓谤别 include liquidus 鈥渃lear, fluid鈥� (English liquid) and liquor 鈥渇luidity, liquid character鈥� (English liquor).
Deliquesce entered English in the mid-18th century. For more about deliquesce, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
apopemptic
[ ap-uh–pemp-tik ]adjective
pertaining to leave-taking or departing; valedictory.
How Steven Mackey interpreted apopemptic:听
鈥溾�楶arting is such sweet sorrow.鈥� I aimed for that bittersweet spot and quoted a short phrase from an old song by composer Louis Andriessen, who passed away in July 2021.
After exploring these 11 different words, the piece concludes by circling back to the title word in a final movement called 鈥楽hivaree (slight return)鈥欌�攁 nod to Jimi Hendrix鈥檚 鈥榁oodoo Child (slight return).鈥欌��
Where does apopemptic come from?
The English apopemptic is a straightforward borrowing of the Greek adjective 补辫辞辫别尘辫迟颈办贸蝉, 鈥減ertaining to dismissal, valedictory,鈥� a derivative of the adverb and preposition 补辫蠈- 鈥渙ff, away鈥� and the verb 辫茅尘辫别颈苍 鈥渢o send,鈥� a verb with no clear etymology. The Greek noun 辫辞尘辫岣�, a derivative of 辫茅尘辫别颈苍, means 鈥渆scort, procession, parade, magnificence,鈥� adopted into Latin as pompa (with the same meanings), source of the English word pomp.
Apopemptic entered English in the mid-18th century. For more about apopemptic, visit its 51吃瓜 of the Day.
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