51吃瓜

More about raison d'锚tre

The quasi-English phrase raison d’锚tre 鈥渞eason of being鈥� is still unnaturalized, retaining a French pronunciation of sorts. The English noun reason comes from Middle English reason, raisoun, raison (with still more spelling variants), from Old French reason, reason, raison, etc., from Latin 谤补迟颈艒 (inflectional stem 谤补迟颈艒n-), whose many meanings include 鈥渁 count, calculation, reckoning (as in business or accounts), theory (as opposed to practice), faculty or exercise of reason.鈥�

The French preposition de 鈥渙f, for鈥� becomes 诲鈥� before a vowel. De comes from the Latin preposition 诲脓 鈥渁way, away from, down, down from.鈥� The development from 诲脓 to Romance de, di 鈥渙f鈥� can be seen over the centuries in graffiti, epitaphs, and personal letters. St. Augustine of Hippo defended vulgarisms (which after all became standard in Romance): 鈥淏etter that grammarians condemn us than that the common people not understand.鈥�

脢迟谤别 is the French infinitive 鈥渢o be,鈥� and as is typical in French, it is much worn down from its original. In Old French the infinitive was estre, a regular development of Vulgar Latin essere 鈥渢o be,鈥� from Latin esse. Esse in Latin is an archaism, and the infinitives of nearly all other verbs end in –ere or –腻谤别, or –墨谤别. In Vulgar Latin, however, esse is an anomaly, and the Vulgus 鈥渢he common people鈥� simple regularized esse to essere. (Essere is even today the infinitive of the verb 鈥渢o be鈥� in standard Italian.) French loses a vowel after a stressed syllable; thus essere becomes essre (esre), and esre develops an excrescent consonant t between s and r for ease of pronunciation. Raison d’锚tre first appears in English in a letter written in 1864 by John Stuart Mill.

More about infare

Infare comes from the Old English noun 颈苍蹿牵谤 鈥渁 going in, entrance.鈥� In Scots and Ulster English, infare also meant 鈥渁 party or reception for a newly married couple,鈥� a sense that the Scotch-Irish brought to the U.S. by the late 18th century.

More about federalese

Federalese is the youngest of an unlovely trio, dates to 1944, and has the narrowest reference, being restricted to the federal government. The equally ugly bureaucratese also dates to World War II (1942) and is broader in scope, including state and municipal government. The oldest and most comprehensive term, officialese, dates to 1884. In English the suffix -ese forms derivative adjectives and nouns from names of countries, their inhabitants, and their languages (such as Chinese, Faroese, Portuguese, Japanese, and Brooklynese, too). By analogy with this usage, –ese is used jocularly or disparagingly to form words designating the diction of people or institutions accused of writing in a dialect of their own invention (such as journalese, officialese, bureaucratese, and federalese).