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Such AI tools, built using what are known as "large language models" have also displayed bias, as they adsorb the prejudices inherent in the human-generated data on which they are trained.

The metal ions make nodes that bind the linkers' arms to form a repeating structure that looks something like a cage; the structure has nanosized pores that adsorb gases, similar to a sponge.

Like all MOFs, the material features a porous, crystalline array of metal ions and organic linkers, with an internal area equivalent to about six football fields per tablespoon -- a huge area for adsorbing gases.

First they used classical computers to model how molecules adsorb and desorb from catalyst particles; then they applied their quantum computer to identify the most likely reaction pathway of the electrons and protons involved.

Moreover, the presence of adsorbed water molecules in MOFs further reduces their effective thermal conductivity.