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With a housing crisis, increasing job insecurity and an ageing population, Chinese people are simply not spending as much as their government would like.

"Nor can the increase be attributed entirely to the ageing of the prison population," the report adds.

In July 2024, a US Senate committee published a detailed report about the prevalence of hoarding in society, warning that it was approaching pandemic levels alongside an ageing population.

Japan's economy is under pressure because of its decreasing and ageing population, which means its workforce is shrinking and social care costs are ballooning.

But they are ageing, nearing the end of their operational lives and need replacing with facilities fit to prevent the next pandemic.