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For decades, it was a popular party drug among the English aristocracy, who reveled in “laughing gas parties” before it was first used as an anesthetic and analgesic in medical settings.

Nevertheless, the idea that prescription opioids are deeply harmful to society seems to have a deathgrip on the cultural conversation — as Friedmann puts it, a non-addictive analgesic is “a holy grail in medicine.”

"We can use this information as a springboard to develop new peptide-based analgesics that prevent this signaling complex from forming," said Bunnett.

“In an earlier study, we reported that for the analgesic ketamine, pain relief correlates negatively with how strongly connected two regions of the default mode network are before the drug’s administration,” explains Ueno.

Interestingly, menthol also has high medicinal value due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects.