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The scale and brutality of the attack stunned observers worldwide - not just for its immediate impact, but for its unprecedented scale.

Antisemitic brutality and killing in Europe was a major reason why Zionist Jews wanted to settle in Palestine to build their own state, in what they regarded as their historic homeland.

A couple accused of murdering their two-year-old grandson, who died from a catastrophic brain injury, treated him with "casual brutality", a court has heard.

“The entire world got to witness the brutality that’s taking place with our children at the hands of the Los Angeles County Probation Department.”

Alternately, his tone was infused with contempt, sarcasm or genuine sympathy for his subjects who had been victims of brutality unleashed by the Gestapo or secret police of the Vichy regime.