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Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre - who was on course to become prime minister three months ago when his party held a double-digit lead in the polls - lost his seat in Carleton, Ontario to the Liberals.

Currently a research scientist at the Brabraham Institute in Cambridge, UK, where she studies the metabolic adaptations and advantages of ageing, Hadj-Moussa did her doctoral work at the extreme adaptation-focused Storey Lab at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, where she studied the metabolic adaptations animals make to cope with extreme environments.

"Many post-colonial states like India harbour a deep-rooted suspicion that international commerce and trade are simply new forms of colonisation. Unfortunately, this mindset still lingers among some policymakers - and that's a shame," says Vivek Dehejia, a professor of economics at Carleton University in Canada.

Still, Carleton said, schools were “basically going in a time machine” to the days before the Biden rule changes.

Jonathan Malloy, a professor of political science at Carleton University, said it seems Trudeau’s days are numbered.