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Abuse of the drug can also lead to cognitive problems and permanent bladder damage.

As a review published in March concluded: “Although laboratory studies have demonstrated that cognitive offloading has benefits for task performance, it is not without costs.”

“I think she enjoys the cognitive challenge and the opportunity to sort of master something and then practice that mastery,” he said.

Sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy are then offered if self-help treatment is found to not be enough.

However, what we've seen recently with his foray into government is a good example of the Dunning-Kruger effect: a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their general abilities.