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Carey made the cryoprobe from a piece of copper wire, which was cooled in liquid nitrogen to about minus 170 degrees Celsius.

To conduct their experiments, the Gagnon lab used a device called a cryoprobe to injure the fish hearts in ways that mimic heart attacks in humans, then extracted the hearts after certain time frames to learn how the two species responded differently.

Faced with cases that seemed beyond help, Dr. Bellows decided to try a cryoprobe chilled to a temperature of � 65�C. His method is so simple that, in most cases, it can be carried out under a local anesthetic in the doctor's office.