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The trial included patients with BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ of the bladder, a condition that is notoriously difficult to treat and often leads to radical cystectomy.

"Our findings indicate that the combination of cretostimogene grenadenorepvec and pembrolizumab offers a unique, efficacious and durable bladder-preserving alternative strategy to radical cystectomy."

The surgeries he’d done on her — a cystectomy and “dilation and curettage,” a procedure to scrape tissue from inside her uterus — were without her consent, according to Amanda.

The new Lancet study is the most rigorous comparison to date for a specific type of surgery called cystectomy used for bladder cancer.

The percentages didn't look good on any other procedure than the radical cystectomy.