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“We have to have a robust strength of morals, value sticking up for those less fortunate — that's why I think it's a mistake to focus just on economics and allow trans children to get bullied.”

The theory is that the more productive people you have in an economy, the more it grows, said Tarek Hassan, a professor of economics at Boston University.

In each case, debates over empirical facts have been entangled with identity, religion, economics, and power, creating fault lines that persist across countries and generations.

"Chinese brands are making massive inroads into the European market," says David Bailey, professor of business and economics at Birmingham Business School.

All that cheap power could also transform the economics of industry.