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This selective emission, achieved through insights from quantum physics, maximizes energy conversion and allows for higher efficiencies than previously possible, operating at the limit of the materials' properties.

"Imagine trying to film tiny lava flows during a volcanic eruption. Your smartphone camera wouldn't be up to the job. First, you'd need to develop a special method to make the action you want to capture visible," says Prof. Emiliano Cortés, Professor of Experimental Physics and Energy Conversion at LMU.

In future, other functional materials could be incorporated into this fibre printing method, to build integrated fibre sensors for augmenting the living systems with display, computation, and energy conversion functions.

Naturally, how liquids traverse across, and through, surfaces are a heavily researched subject, where new discoveries can have profound effects in the fields of energy conversion technology, electronics cooling, biosensors, and micro-/nano-fabrications.

"But we have never observed this process directly. With the new observations of SN 2023ixf, our calculations result in an energy conversion as low as 1% within a few days after the explosion. This doesn't rule out supernovae as cosmic ray factories, but it does mean we have more to learn about their production."