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The endocannabinoid system controls key epileptogenic circuits in the hippocampus.

Mr Dittrich has honed the narrative to a fine edge by the time his grandfather is standing over H.M.’s brain, scalpel in hand, unable to find the epileptogenic focus, the brain region responsible for the seizures.

Surgery to remove the epileptogenic zone is only feasible in a minority of cases, leaving many patients without an effective treatment.

Thus, gene therapy in a rodent model can be used to suppress seizures acutely, prevent their occurrence after an epileptogenic stimulus, and successfully treat established focal epilepsy.