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European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said the ongoing trade talks between the US and the EU were "complex", but were "advancing", with the goal of a deal by July.

The European Commission wants a cap at $45.

The European Commission has already proposed a fresh round of penalties aimed at Moscow's energy revenues, banks and military industry.

His government has also made little headway, thanks to Duda's vetoes, on another campaign promise – removing political influence from Polish courts - which caused the European Commission to take legal action against Poland and withhold EU funds.

A spokesperson for the European Commission told the BBC that in negotiations with the US it will act "in defence of European interests, protecting its workers, consumers and its industries".