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Ms Gardiner said she had been "particularly moved by all the messages that Sam was an inspiration to many who have been impacted by FASD".

"We adopted Sam and he was diagnosed with FASD. As viewers of season two will recall, this was a big challenge both for Sam and for us as his parents," she said.

As a whole, Parisi said that this study cannot "conclude that having a drink in the 3 months leading up to pregnancy can cause a change in your child's face shape or an FASD," adding more research is needed.

Research shows that persons with a brain-based disability, such as FASD, are more vulnerable to negative environmental influences, which can lead to failed social outcomes.

"Helping women to drink less or no alcohol during their pregnancy will reduce the number of children and young people affected by FASD."