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If he doesn't, then not only are there sunk costs, but there's the problem of importing fossil fuels, and he's concerned about climate.

Designs include a new public 'Art Hall' on the ground floor of the site, which first opened in 1988, and a greener gallery to reduce running costs and end the building's reliance on fossil fuels.

But opponents, including gas-appliance manufacturers, fossil fuel companies and some local government and commerce groups, say the measure will strain the electric grid and drive up costs for consumers.

Analysis by the BBC in May showed Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West, including to the EU.

Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West, data shows, helping to finance its full-scale invasion of Ukraine – now in its fourth year.