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The strands consist of almost endless rows of four small molecules that we abbreviate to A, C, G and T.

Scientists once thought that the single code governing life was DNA, and that everything was governed by how DNA's four building blocks -- A, C, G and T -- combined and recombined.

DNA technology provides precise control over programming, from the atomic level to the macro level, but it can only provide limited chemical functions since it only has four bases: A, C, G, and T. Peptide technology, on the other hand, can provide sufficient chemical functions on a large scale, as there are 20 amino acids to work with.

In living systems, genes act as a biological version of binary code, using the letters A, C, G, and T instead of ones and zeroes to spell out cellular marching orders.

He assigns a distinct note to each of the four bases of the DNA molecule — A, C, G, and T.