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“It’s quite clear that humans are exposed to all kinds of viruses throughout our lives. And I think we’re only starting to figure out why they’re there, what they’re doing, and what impact they have on our health,” Ken Cadwell, associate director at the University of Pennsylvania Perrelman School of Medicine’s Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases and director of its Gnotobiotic and Naturalized Mouse Core Facility, told Salon in a video interview.

"This is the first time it has been shown that the response of microbiome to the loss of ovarian hormone production can increase metabolic dysfunction," said first author Tzu-Wen L. Cross, a professor ofnutrition science and the director of the Gnotobiotic Animal Facility at Purdue University.

Extensive personal human gut microbiota culture collections characterized and manipulated in gnotobiotic mice.

We thank C. Couter for technical assistance; S. Edwards, J. Ramos, and T. Sherpa for assistance with gnotobiotic mice; R. Bronson for review of histology; J. McCoy for editorial assistance; and members of the Kasper laboratory for discussions.

We found that gnotobiotic mice harbouring different microbial communities exhibited differential survival in a colitis model.