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"This publication basically shows how we achieved haploidy," Mitalipov said.

As a result, it is impossible to split the assembled genome of into haploid sets: the apparent ploidy level of is scale-dependent, with a tetraploid structure at gene scale versus chromosome-scale haploidy.

Several factors can contribute to this difference, notably the X chromosome’s haploidy in males, which reduces on X by 0.75, enhances purifying selection in males, and reduces the recombination rate, thereby increasing the effect of selection via linkage.