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Several students said their affiliation drew hate speech from strangers and distrustful questions from family members and employers.

On a summer night in 1982, Vincent Chin was enjoying his bachelor party when two white auto workers at a nightclub outside of Detroit targeted him for what was then called “Japan bashing,” hate speech stemming from anger over Japanese car companies edging out American competitors.

Over two dissents, the justices let stand a ruling that said a school may enforce a dress code to protect students from “hate speech” or bullying.

Seven years ago, YouTube executives had to reassure sponsors that the company would work harder to keep their ads from running in user-created videos that pushed conspiracy theories or hate speech.

When ChatGPT became a sensation in late 2022—launched by OpenAI, the nonprofit Musk co-founded and from which he bitterly split—Musk joined the chorus of right-wingers who decried that the generative-A.I. tool had guardrails to prevent it from spewing racial slurs and hate speech against underprivileged groups.