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Host heterogeneity has long been both a chief focus and a grand mystery in epidemiology.

The findings highlight the complexity of glucose regulation in T1D and demonstrate the heterogeneity in insulin needs among people with T1D, underlining the need for personalised treatment approaches.

Their data show how genetic and non-genetic factors determine the functional heterogeneity of blood cancer cells and reveal new therapeutic targets.

However, the heterogeneity and low reproducibility of organoids present challenges for their scalable production, limiting their practical application in clinical trials and drug development processes.

“We cannot lose all the energy and complexity and heterogeneity of our cities.”