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"I spent much of my life as a lone wolf," she tells BBC News, "so hyper-independent that it became a defining trait."

But territorial losses and the death of its leader did not end attacks carried out by its many offshoots, or by “lone wolves” embracing its ideology.

He said Mr Yang was not a "lone wolf" but one of thousands of individuals who had penetrated UK institutions.

A lot of the violence is coming from lone wolves or single assailants.

It is unclear whether the ongoing attacks are by a lone wolf or a pack.