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After that, though, church leaders were accused of cosying up to Estrada's successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, partly to gain her support in opposing growing political and social pressure to expand access to family planning and legalise divorce.

Roughly 30 years later, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s administration granted dual citizenship to Filipino Americans born in the U.S. after 1973 to a Philippine national.

Contemporary artists find their own vengeful amusements, as demonstrated by “Akeldama,” a 2006 painting by the Filipino artist Luis Lorenzana, which portrays Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was president of the Philippines at the time, as a hellish monster.

Only after his conviction was he granted a pardon by the vice president who had replaced him, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

At one point, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo of the Philippines, Asia’s leading rice importer at the time, deployed armed soldiers to supervise government rice sales.