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A 2021 report from the state of California linked artificial food dyes to hyperactivity and other neurobehavioral effects in children.

Human "challenge studies" showed that synthetic dyes can trigger neurobehavioral effects in sensitive children.

“Toxic dyes in food that put kids at higher risk for hyperactivity and other neurobehavioral issues that interfere with learning have no place in our schools,” Brian Ronholm, director of food policy at Consumer Reports, said at the time.

Elevated prenatal exposure to fluoride was associated with increased risk of neurobehavioral problems in 3-year-olds, according to a study of children in Los Angeles.

An exploratory study published this year found associations between prenatal exposure to fluoride and an increased risk of neurobehavioral problems at age 3 in a cohort of 229 Los Angeles-area children.