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The vaccines also help newborns, as antibodies generated by the mom-to-be cross the placenta, and can protect the newborn for a certain number of months, she said.

A man on trial with his partner over the death of their newborn baby has described the prosecution case against him as "like a script from a movie".

To identify newborns in the nursery, a card would be tied to the end of the cot with the baby's name, mother's name, the date and time of birth, and the baby's weight.

"Quite often, they are items for older babies, sometimes they are items for safety reasons we can't guarantee in the home of a newborn," she said.

They collected stool samples from 1,082 newborns in the first week of life.