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When Britain’s global turn came in the nineteenth century, its naval dominion over the world’s oceans was softened by an enticing cultural ethos of commerce, language, literature, and even sports.

The deaths come as the war in Gaza enters is nineteenth month, following the Hamas-led assault of 7 October 2023, in which about 1,200 people were killed and 251 others were taken hostage.

At the peak, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, probably one out of every three Americans moved each year.

Caged birds were used as living carbon monoxide detectors starting in the late nineteenth century — thanks to their highly efficient respiratory systems, the birds died from gas leaks long before human miners did.

Air pollution was at toxic levels in nineteenth century London when James Parkinson, whose 269th birthday is celebrated today, first described the condition.