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In 2014, Cadwell and two colleagues made the amazing discovery of a virus – specifically, a norovirus, that pathogen notorious for sweeping nursing homes and daycares, causing terrible upset at both ends – that can actually restore the healthy condition of the intestines, just as “good” bacteria do, for example if you take a probiotic supplement to restore your microbiome after wiping it out with bacteria-killing antibiotics.

Cadwell's 2014 finding about norovirus isn't the only evidence that suggests viruses that infect us aren't always our enemies, either.

During his 45 marathons, he has run with broken bones and norovirus so bad he vomited "gallons".

Hospital patients with the winter vomiting bug norovirus were also more numerous than in many winters.

There have been eight measles cases in California since the beginning of the year, in addition to thousands of seasonal flu, COVID-19, norovirus and other respiratory virus cases.