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The research team delved deeply into possible mechanisms for diamonds to nucleate and grow under these new conditions.

"If you look across kingdoms that can nucleate ice, there are insects, lichen, bacteria and fungi. All of these seem to have evolved independently, very potent ice nucleants" she said.

“There also needs to be laboratory research to investigate the consequences of adding these metals to sulfuric acid particles. Can the particles nucleate ice and impact clouds and chemistry in the stratosphere?”

The quantification of ice nucleating particles and understanding their properties proved to be a cumbersome challenge.

Over time, Duszyn´ski hopes the elite teams will nucleate Ukraine’s scientific revival, by strengthening their connections to top institutions all over the world.