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Birnir says Prandtl’s and von Kármán’s so-called log law can be derived from the attached eddy hypothesis, but one key piece missing from Townsend’s theory was the process by which this energy transfer and transformation occurs.

Prandtl and von Kármán also discovered that the inertial layer’s mean velocity was a logarithmic function of the distance from the boundary.

Back then, two researchers ignited interest in boundary layer turbulence: German physicist Ludwig Prandtl, who has been called “the father of modern aerodynamics,” and Theodore von Kármán, a Hungarian-American engineer known as “the father of supersonic flight,” conducted wind tunnel experiments.

The shape of these vessels is in accordance with the experiments of Professor Prandtl.

The vehicles used for this observation and for interplanetary transport by the explorers have been classed as follows: Type I, a small, nonpilot-carrying disk-shaped craft equipped with some form of television or impulse transmitter; Type II, a very large, metallic, disk-shaped aircraft operating on the helicopter principle; Type III, a dirigible-shaped, wingless aircraft that, in the Earth's atmosphere, operates in conformance with the Prandtl theory of lift.