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The amount of probiotics in water would also vary by location, and the notion that health-promoting bacteria reside in raw water has not been proved.

There are no studies associating raw water with any health benefit.

Even the idea that raw water tastes better might be more psychological than physiological – a 2018 study showed that most people preferred tap water over bottled water in a blind taste test.

Toxoplasma gondii can also lurk in raw water and can cause miscarriage or birth defects if consumed during pregnancy.

Raw water can also contain algae that release toxins causing abdominal issues and damage to the brain and nervous system.