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Using green hydrogen as a reducing agent avoids these greenhouse gas emissions.

Coke does not only produce the energy required for melting, but also serves as a reducing agent in the chemical reaction.

But the milling did prompt the aluminium to act as a reducing agent, as he expected.

"What we do is basically swapping carbon for electricity as a reducing agent," explained Adam Rauwerdink, the company's senior vice president of business development.

Currently, two main options exist: either heat the components to about 300C to evaporate the lithium, or apply acids and other reducing agents to leach it.