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Burns said another study with Gruber looked at how capture methods affect jellyfish ribonucleic acid, known as RNA, one of the building blocks of life.

RNA, short for ribonucleic acid, would not be possible without uracil.

Pfizer and Moderna don’t use a virus, but rather a genetic code — messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA — to spur cells to create a protein that mimics enough of the coronavirus to stimulate an immune response.

The Merck drug mimics the building blocks of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, causing viral replication to go haywire by creating mutations — so many that the viral genetic machinery fails.

At Novartis AG, Dormitzer began testing novel ways to make vaccines using messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, which contains instructions for human cells.