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Their cooling devices are built in a similar way to computer chips, using semiconducting materials to transfer the heat.

These semiconducting materials, known as copper oxides, are cheap, abundant and non-toxic, but their performance does not come close to silicon, which dominates the semiconductor market.

The 2D/3D/2D heterostructures are finely crafted to sit in the sweet spot between conductivity and nonconductivity where semiconducting materials have optimal electric properties for energy storage.

The synthetic semiconducting material has the potential to convert substantially more solar power than silicon at a lower production cost.

This trend of microelectronics has only accelerated in recent years as scientists try to fit increasingly more semiconducting components on a chip.