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"The plants don't flower like they used to," he says, complaining that the smell from the smelter is so bad that it keeps him awake at night.

One of their jobs was salvaging metal, including railway track, abandoned by British Aluminium which operated a smelter in Fort William.

Fraser reveals an uncanny pattern of polluting smelters and the men brought up in their shadows, prone to mood swings and erratic tantrums.

From lead-acid battery smelters to rocket testing facilities, heavy industry over the past century in California has left large swathes of land imbued with dangerous chemicals.

He also suggested that Russia and the US could collaborate on aluminium production in Krasnoyarsk, in Siberia, where one Russian aluminium maker, Rusal, has its largest smelters.