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“LAPD is absolutely violating their own policies, as well as the United States Constitution as well as state law,” DeSimone said in an interview.

Ten years later, a state law superseded the ruling, but only after Palmer’s faux-Italianate buildings lined the north and west edges of downtown, instead of the affordable housing that so many needed.

Uthmeier was found in civil contempt of court by Judge Williams after he sent a letter to state law enforcement agencies saying “no lawful, legitimate order currently impedes your agencies from continuing to enforce Florida’s new illegal entry and re-entry laws.”

State law provides a “base level of transparency” for the public on who lobbyists are and who they represent, said Andrew Cates, a former lobbyist who wrote a guide on state ethics rules.

California state law is more specific, requiring uniformed officers to “wear a badge, nameplate, or other device which bears clearly on its face the identification number or name of the officer.”