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In delivering her findings, Judge Elisabeth Armitage said Walker's death was "avoidable" and there was "clear evidence of entrenched, systemic and structural racism" within NT's police force.

Today, structural racism built into the norms and policies of institutions is harder to prove as intentional disparate treatment, but it can be proved through a legal standard called disparate impact.

Before Trump took office, a CDC website listed structural racism and implicit bias among the many factors to blame for such disparities, echoing findings long cited by health researchers and advocates.

Health researchers have faulted numerous factors for that disparity, including inequities in healthcare, chronic conditions and structural racism.

"We need to do much more than provide these individuals a follow-up prenatal visit; our actions have to be timely and address root causes and fragmentation in the system to impact the layers of structural racism that we already know contribute to maternal morbidity."