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In 2022, the Peruvian government said almost 12,000 barrels of oil had leaked into the sea after a tanker was hit by waves linked to a volcanic eruption on Tonga.

"So it suggests that volcanic activity went on in the moon more recently than people had thought".

It was a harsh reminder that under the idyllic white villages dotted with gyros restaurants, hot tubs in AirBnB rentals, and vineyards on rich volcanic soil, two tectonic plates grind in the Earth's crust.

Creating the worst disruption to air travel since World War Two, it put a spotlight on how unprepared the aviation industry was for the consequences of a volcanic eruption.

The Canaries are particularly vulnerable to floods when hit with intense rain, as their dry climate and volcanic rock mean the ground does not absorb large volumes of water well.