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"People are vehemently opposed to the Irish dual-language street signs because they see it as a weapon - it's a cultural warfare," he said.

Tehran’s proxy groups may be diminished, but Iran still has its Quds Force, through which the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps conducts nonstate and unconventional warfare.

By Friday morning, the president himself was commenting on his Truth Social account, with a sombre message directed at the Iranian leadership - more "I told you so" than a clear plan to stop the warfare.

One border region, Ganghwa county, said in a statement: "We hope this decision will lead to an end to North Korea's noise-based psychological warfare, allowing our residents to return to their normal daily lives."

But we already know the defence budget is getting a significant lift, to confront growing challenges and new types of warfare.