51吃瓜

Doesn’t it seem like every time you learn a grammar rule, you have to learn its exceptions? Take plurals, for example. You can add an -s or -别蝉听to most words to create a plural … . Then there are plurals that look nothing like the original noun, and some that have created their own rules. Plurals can be so odd, we just had to dedicate a slideshow to them! Let’s start with spaghetti.

Yes, spaghetti. Next time you dive into a hot plate of spaghetti, take a moment to appreciate each individual spaghetto. The word spaghetti is from the Italian spago meaning “thin rope, twine.” It’s amazing to think that this beloved, stringy pasta has been a plural all along. Early on in its time in English, spaghetti was spelled “sparghetti,” as in Eliza Acton’s pivotal 1845 cookbook Modern Cookery, but by 1885 the plural pasta assumed its currently accepted form.

kine

If you think the plural of cow is cows, you’re right. But, if you want to impress your bovine buddies with your knowledge of, oh, Old English, try kine. Kine听is an archaic (read: not often found outside musty old books) plural of听cow.

Without wandering too far into the pasture (we’ll let the cows, er, kine, do that), kine survives from the Old English 肠瘸苍补, which is a plural form of 肠奴鈥�“cow.”

Fun fact: kine is the only noun in English whose plural shares no letters with its singular form!

passersby

When a person is seen passing by a scene either casually or by chance, they are considered a passerby, but on a busy street, one passerby is just a member of a crowd of passersby. Instead of pluralizing the act of passing, as would the incorrect “passerbys,” this clever word pluralizes the passer or passers themselves, indicating that multiple people might be getting a quick glimpse of the same thing.

Passerby was first recorded around 1560鈥�70, and it’s a combination of听pass听by听and听-er. Makes sense that the passer听would be plural then, doesn’t it?

niblings

If you’re lucky enough to have several nieces or nephews (and you can’t always recall their names), refer to them as your niblings.听Niblings听is a gender-neutral term that encompasses both nieces and nephews. The word听nibling was coined in 1951 by Samuel Martin, who was a professor of Far Eastern languages at Yale University.

Want more discussion on gender-neutral terms?

dice

As a noun, dice is the irregular plural form of die, a small cube typically marked on each side with one to six spots and used in pairs for games of chance. From the Middle English dees, an interchangeable singular and plural form, dice was reborn as a verb with to dice meaning to chop something into small die-sized cubes.

You can trace the etymology of dice all the way back to the Latin dare meaning “to give,” or in this case “to cast.”

Prii

In 2011, Toyota stated that when you see many of the company’s Prius cars parked together, they’re called a听Prii …听if you want to get all fancily (and facetiously) Latin on it.

To determine the plural, Toyota ran a six-week campaign, during which they invited online communities to participate in the discussion. More than 1.8 million votes were cast, and the company says Prii beat out its four competitors: Prius, Priuses, Priem, or Pri.

Prius听is a Latin word that means “coming before” and is related to听prior and听primary. Priora is also an acceptable Latin plural for听prius, if you must get technical about it. (Don’t we always?)

doldrums

OK, this was a trick question. There are some nouns that commonly exist only in the plural form, like doldrums. These are called听plurale tantum听(Latin for “plural only”). Doldrums means “feeling listless or despondent”听and dates back to 1795鈥�1805. It stems from the obsolete word听dold (“stupid”). Dolt also comes from this word.

In addition to听doldrums, other听plurale tantums听include:

• clothing: shorts, leggings, jeans
• tools: scissors, pliers, electronics
• eyewear: glasses, binoculars
• actions and feelings: amends

opera

Music history buffs know an opus听is “a piece of classical music by a particular composer.” It’s typically followed by the number, which indicates when the piece was written, such as Chopin’s 脡tudes, Op. 10 and 25. In Latin, opus means “work, labor, a work.”

Technically, the plural of opus is opera (thanks again, Latin). However, the native English plural, opuses, is also acceptable.

sphinges

Planning a trip to Egypt? Be sure to see the Great Sphinx of Giza.

A听sphinx is an imaginary creature “having the head of a man or an animal and the body of a lion.” If you want to see more听蝉辫丑颈苍驳别蝉鈥�yep, that’s the technical Greek plural of 蝉辫丑颈苍虫鈥�you can visit the Sphinx of Hatshepsut at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the Sphinx of Taharqo at the British Museum in London, or take an online tour.

gladioli

We say听gladioli for more than one of the beautiful flowering gladiolus because听gladioluses is a mouthful.

Rules really break down when it comes to words ending in听-us, particularly those that have Latin or Greek origins. For example, the more accepted plural for听octopus听is听octopuses, not听octopi. Similarly, when we’re talking about more than one hippopotamus, we say听hippopotamuses not听hippopotami.

But (and there’s always a but), the more common plural of听cactus听is cacti (not听cactuses), and the plural of听fungus is听fungi. While there’s no right or wrong with these plurals, it comes down to common usage.

beeves

Leaf, leaves. Wolf, wolves. Scarf, scarves. Beef, beeves?

Well, the plural of beef, in its most familiar sense of “meat from cows” or the like, is generally beef. But,听beef can also mean “an adult cow, steer, or bull”; the plural, here, is beeves. And if you have more than one beef (“complaint”) with that unusual-seeming plural, well, you’ve got beefs.