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The frequency of meiotic double-strand breaks correlates with the number of chromatid structures called ‘loop–axis units’.

The maintenance of telomeres—the structures of repetitive sequences as the end of a chromatid—is essential to the health of a cell.

Defects in chromosome segregation can arise directly through defects in the mitotic checkpoint, sister chromatid cohesion, spindle geometry and spindle dynamics.

These chromatic errors of systems, which are achromatic for two colours, are called the ``secondary spectrum,'' and depend upon the aperture and focal length in the same manner as the primary chromatid errors do.

Finally, during recombination, chromatid arms are exchanged between the two homologous chromosomes.