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What does lithification mean?

Lithification is the process by which sediments are turned into solid rock.Sediments are fragments of material, such as sand, gravel, bones, and silt, that have been moved and deposited somewhere by water, ice, or wind. These sediments may have been created by other natural processes, such as erosion, that break big rocks into small fragments. Lithification then turns these tiny bits of things into solid rock. It’s the final step in creating sedimentary rock.Lithification typically involves compaction and cementation.Compaction pushes all of the sediments together so they are packed tightly. In nature, this most often happens when sediments are piled together and then buried under other material. The pressure from the weight of the material on top forces the sediments close together. When the sediments are squeezed together, water and other liquids are forced out, reducing the number of pores (holes) and gaps between them.Cementation follows compaction. When compaction squeezes the liquids out of the sediment, sticky solubles are left behind. These solubles act as a natural cement or glue that binds the sediments together. Cementation lessens the number of pores, which would allow air and water to enter and potentially destroy the rock before it can form.Lithification is complete when the sediments have been turned into a solid layer of sedimentary rock.